- Frame
Frame - Bulmer
- Baskerville
- B
B - View of Stereotype Foundry
- Thomas Curson Hansard
- The Printing Press of the Stanhope Construction
- The Printing Press of the original construction
- The Lithographic Star Press
- The Frame
- The Babylonian Cylinder
The Babylonian Cylinder - Mr Bensley's Machine
- Koster
- Inscription of the Sigean Tablet
- The Rocket 1830
In 1830 all this had disappeared, and we find in Mr. Nasmyth's sketch a regular fire-box, such as is used to this moment. In one word, the Rocket of 1829 is different from the Rocket of 1830 in almost every conceivable respect; and we are driven perforce to the conclusion that the Rocket of 1829 never worked at all on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway; the engine of 1830 was an entirely new engine. - The Copernican theory of the Solar System
The Sun, the most important of the celestial bodies so far as we are concerned, occupies the central position; not, however, in the whole universe, but only in that limited portion which is known as the Solar System. Around it, in the following order outwards, circle the planets Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. At an immense distance beyond the solar system, and scattered irregularly through the depth of space, lie the stars. The two first-mentioned members of the solar system, Mercury and Venus, are known as the Inferior Planets; and in their courses about the sun, they always keep well inside the path along which our earth moves. The remaining members (exclusive of the earth) are called Superior Planets, and their paths lie all outside that of the earth. - The Ptolemaic idea of the Universe
By the second century of the Christian era, the ideas of the early philosophers had become hardened into a definite theory, which, though it appears very incorrect to us to-day, nevertheless demands exceptional notice from the fact that it was everywhere accepted as the true explanation until so late as some four centuries ago. This theory of the universe is known by the name of the Ptolemaic System, because it was first set forth in definite terms by one of the most famous of the astronomers of antiquity, Claudius Ptolemæus Pelusinensis (100–170 a.d.), better known as Ptolemy of Alexandria. In his system the Earth occupied the centre; while around it circled in order outwards the Moon, the planets Mercury and Venus, the Sun, and then the planets Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Beyond these again revolved the background of the heaven, upon which it was believed that the stars were fixed— "Stellis ardentibus aptum," as Virgil puts it. - The 'Ring with Wings.' - Assyrian Form
The 'Ring with Wings.' - Assyrian Form It should, however, be here mentioned that Mr. E.W. Maunder has pointed out the probability that we have a very ancient symbolic representation of the corona [of an eclipse] in the "winged circle," "winged disc," or "ring with wings," as it is variously called, which appears so often upon Assyrian and Egyptian monuments, as the symbol of the Deity. - Showing how the Tail of a Comet is directed away from the Sun
hese mysterious visitors to our skies come up into view out of the immensities beyond, move towards the sun at a rapidly increasing speed, and, having gone around it, dash away again into the depths of space. As a comet approaches the sun, its body appears to grow smaller and smaller, while, at the same time, it gradually throws out behind it an appendage like a tail. As the comet moves round the central orb this tail is always directed away from the sun; and when it departs again into space the tail goes in advance. As the comet's distance from the sun increases, the tail gradually shrinks away and the head once more grows in size (see Fig. 18). In consequence of these changes, and of the fact that we lose sight of comets comparatively quickly, one[Pg 249] is much inclined to wonder what further changes may take place after the bodies have passed beyond our ken. - Map of the Moon
In this picture the South will be found at the top of the picture; such being the view given by the ordinary astronomical telescope, in which all objects are seen inverted. - Great Telescope of Hevelius
This instrument, 150 feet in length, with a skeleton tube, was constructed by the celebrated seventeenth century astronomer, Hevelius of Danzig. From an illustration in the Machina Celestis. The attempts to construct large telescopes of the Galilean type met in course of time with a great difficulty. The magnified image of the object observed was not quite pure; its edges, indeed, were fringed with rainbow-like colours. This defect was found to be aggravated with increase in the size of object-glasses. A method was, however, discovered of diminishing this colouration, or chromatic aberration as it is called from the Greek word χρῶμα (chroma), which means colour, viz. by making telescopes of great length and only a few inches in width. But the remedy was, in a way, worse than the disease; for telescopes thus became of such huge proportions as to be too unwieldy for use. Attempts were made to evade this unwieldiness by constructing them with skeleton tubes. - Orbit and Phases of an Inferior Planet
Corresponding views of the same situations of an Inferior Planet as seen from the Earth, showing consequent phases and alterations in apparent size. - A Tubeless, or 'Aerial' Telescope
From an illustration in the Opera Varia of Christian Huyghens. Attempts were made to evade this unwieldiness by constructing them with skeleton tubes. or , indeed, even without tubes at all; the object-glass in the tubeless or "aerial" telescope being fixed at the top of a high post, and the eye-piece, that small lens or combination of lenses, which the eye looks directly into, being kept in line with it by means of a string and manœuvred about near the ground. The idea of a telescope without a tube may appear a contradiction in terms; but it is not really so, for the tube adds nothing to the magnifying power of the instrument, and is, in fact, no more than a mere device for keeping the object-glass and eye-piece in a straight line, and for preventing the observer from being hindered by stray lights in his neighbourhood. It goes without saying, of course, that the image of a celestial object will be more clear and defined when examined in the darkness of a tube. - The Great Yerkes Telescope
Great telescope at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, Williams Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A. It was erected in 1896–7, and is the largest refracting telescope in the world. Diameter of object-glass, 40 inches; length of telescope, about 60 feet. The object-glass was made by the firm of Alvan Clark and Sons, of Cambridge, Massachusetts; the other portions of the instrument by the Warner and Swasey Co., of Cleveland, Ohio. - The comet of 1066, as represented in the Bayeux Tapestry
We have mentioned Halley's Comet of 1682, and how it revisits the neighbourhood of the earth at intervals of seventy-six years. The comet of 1066 has for many years been supposed to be Halley's Comet on one of its visits. The identity of these two, however, was only quite recently placed beyond all doubt by the investigations of Messrs Cowell and Crommelin. This comet appeared also in 1456, when John Huniades was defending Belgrade against the Turks led by Mahomet II., the conqueror of Constantinople, and is said to have paralysed both armies with fear. - Jane Porter
This engraving represents our accomplished author as a lady of a chapter belonging to a chivalric order. The high compliment from a German court was paid to the merit of Thaddeus of Warsaw. This portrait, as contrasted with that of her sister, well justifies the appellation bestowed upon them by mutual friends - they went by the names of L'Allegro and Il Penseroso. - Alpine hare or Snow Hare
The Alpine hare or Snow Hare (Lepus timidus, L. variabilis) differs by physique and appearance clearly from the Gewonen Haas. "He is," says Tschudi, "more cheerful, livelier, three-star, has a shorter, rounder, more curvaceous head, a shorter nose, smaller ears (which, pressed against the head, do not reach to the spire of the snout). - North American Porcupine
North American Porcupine - Muskrat
The Muskrat inhabits the countries of North America, which are located between 30 and 60° N.B. This animal is most common in water-rich Canada and Alaska. The grassy banks of great lakes or of wide, slow-flowing rivers, of silent streams and marshes, are the abodes of this highly sought-after Rat for its fur; prefers to settle on the sides of not too large, reed-covered ponds. - Marmot
The Marmot (Arctomys marmota)can, including the 11 cM. longtail, a length of 62 cM. at a shoulder height of 15 cM. Through stature and physique she resembles her relatives. The hair, which consists of short wool hair and longer upper hair, is dense, abundant and quite long; the colour is brown-black at the top to a greater or lesser extent, broken on the crown and back by some whitish dots, in the neck, at the root of the tail and at the whole underside dark reddish brown, on the legs, the sides of the torso and at the rear even lighter, at the snout and at the feet rust yellowish white. - Lemming
The most famous species of this genus, the Lemming (Myodes lemmus, Lemmus norwegicus) reaches a total length of 15 cM., of which at most 2 will be on the tail stump. The richly stuffed, long-haired coat exhibits a very graceful sign. In the case of the brownish-yellow ground colour, which is fitted in the neck with wave lines, dark spots protrude; two yellow stripes stretch from the eyes to the rear. The tail and legs are yellow, the parts yellowish, almost sandy. - Lagomys
Lagomys - Jumping Hare or Earthman
The Jumping Hare inhabits shabby tracts and even desert-like steppes. It has spread over much of South Africa, occurs in the west at least to the width of Angola and in the east certainly still in German East Africa. In cape land it is very frequent in some places, as in mountain regions as in open plains, sometimes these animals are found in such a large number that they form real colonies. In a similar way to his relatives, he digs subterranean long-aisle dwellings, which are usually heavily branched and located at a short distance from the surface and lead to a larger depth. Usually such a dwelling serves up residence to several couples, yes even to whole families. - House mouse
House mouse - Hazel Dormouse
Over the day, the Hazel mouse is sleeping in one or another shelter, the night she goes to find her food, which consists of nuts, acorns, hard seeds, juicy fruits, berries and buds of trees; prefers, however, to eat hazelnuts, which she artfully opens and empties, without picking them or removing them from the nap. She also seeks thrush berries and is therefore not infrequently caught in thrush snares. - Hare
The members of the genus Hare (Lepus)are distinguished by ears, which are almost as long as the head, by the shortness of the thumb of the forefeet, the large length of the hind legs (almost double those of the forelegs), the upward-facing tail stump, and the 6 molars in each upper jaw half (in the lower jaw there are 5 on each side). - Hare Mouse
The Hare Mouse depicted on this page (Lagidium Cuvieri) inhabits the high plains of southern Peru and Bolivia and is close to the stature and size of a Rabbit. Her coat is very soft and long-haired. - Hamster
The propagation area of the Hamster extends from the Rhine to the Ob. In the southern and southwestern parts of Germany, he is missing, as well as in East and West Prussia; on the other hand, he is frequently in Thuringia and Saxony. In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea, in England, Denmark and Scandinavian, he is unknown. A soil, which is moderately solid, dry and also fertile, best meets it. He avoids all sandy regions; In order not to encounter too many objections when digging, he does not settle on a very fasting on stony soil. He doesn't like mountain regions and forests, nor does he like wetlands. Wherever he occurs, he is frequently found, sometimes even in unbelievable scissors. - Guinea pig
The Guinean Piglet is one of the most sought-after pets in the whole rodent order, as it does not set high levels, as because of its harmlessness and benignness. If it is given a fresh and dry berth, it can be easily kept alive everywhere. It feeds on the most diverse plant substances; all parts of the plant from the roots to the leaves, seeds as well as fresh juicy plant parts are to its taste - Gopher
Gopher - Field Mouse and Wood Mouse
Field Mouse and Wood Mouse - European water vole
European water vole - European Ground Squirrel
European Ground Squirrel - Edible Dormouse and Garden Dormouse
Edible Dormouse and Garden Dormouse - Desert jumping mouse
Although these animals are numerous in the regions they inhabited, they are rarely seen here. They cannot be called shy, but they are restless and fearful and go to their burrows at the slightest, and as soon as they see a foreign object, as possible, to their burrows. - Dandelion jump mouse
Dandelion jump mouse - Brown Rat
With great probability, it can be assumed that the Brown Rat from India and Persia has come to us. - Blind mouse
The Blind mouse occurs in the south-east of Europe and in western Asia, namely. in South Russia from 50° N.B. to the Ural and caucasus, in Bessarabia, Moldova and part of Hungary and Galicia, further in Turkey, Greece and the north and west of Asia Minor. - Black Rat
When this species first appeared in Europe, it cannot be specified with certainty. Albertus Magnus is the first zoologist to mention the Black Rat as a German animal; she was thus native to this in the 13th century. - Beaver
In England, the Beaver has been wiped out for 500 years. The Beaver (Castor fiber)is one of the largest Rodents. The body length of the adult male is, without the 30 cM. longtail, 75 to 95 cM., shoulder height 30 cM., weight 20 to 30 KG. The torso is bulky, considerably thicker from behind than from the front, the back arched, the abdomen drooping, the neck short and thick, the head from behind wide, narrowing forward, with flat crown and shortening, the legs are short and very powerful, the rear slightly longer than the front; the feet have five toes; which are from the hind quarters to the claws by a wide swimming membrane. - Paca
The Capybara is widespread throughout South America; from the Orinoko to the La Plata, from the Atlantic ocean to the eastern reaches of the Andes, it inhabits low, forest-rich, swampy regions, especially rivers, multi-banks and marshes. She prefers to stop at large currents; it never leaves, unless to follow the course of small streams and watercourses flowing into this flow. In some places it is extremely frequent; in inhabited places, as light can be understood, it is rarer than in the wilderness. - Tree-porcupine
The Mexican Tree Porcupine [Cercolabes (Sphingurus) novae-hispaniae], an animal of 95 cM. total length, of which about a third must be counted for the tail, inhabits the east coast of Mexico. The shiny hairs are very dense and soft, a little frizzy and so long, that many spines are completely covered by them. The spines are also missing from the parts, with the exception of the lower neck, on the inside of the legs, on the snout and on the rear half of the tail, which is covered from above naked, from below with black, on the sides with yellow brushes. - Squirrel
The Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is one of the few Rodents, with which man has befriended, and which he, in spite of some unpleasant qualities, gladly adopts as a roommate, even in the eyes of the poet has a graceful stature. This was already felt by the Greeks, to whom we borrowed the scientific name of the Squirrel. - Red-Rumped Agouti
The Agouti are now small or small groups united in forest-rich plains, especially in the densest forests of the river valleys; some are in the mountains up to an altitude of 2000 M. - Rat Beaver
A large part of the temperate regions of South America is the homeland of this animal important to the pelterij trade. The Rat Beavers are located in almost all countries. In the La-Plata States, in Buenos Ayres, Patagonia and the middle part of Chile, they are widespread everywhere. - Rabbit
Rabbit - Prairie dog
The name "Prairie Dog," which has gradually been given civil rights, was given to this animal by the old Canadian trappers or fur hunters, who discovered it, and whose attention was drawn mainly by the barking sound, which makes it heard. In his external appearance is nothing, which reminds the Dog. His vast abodes, which, because of their size, are called "villages", are regularly found on somewhat low-lying meadows, where an ornate grass species forms a beautiful carpet and also makes it easy for the animals to obtain food. - Porcupine
The Porcupine lives lonely. Over the day it rests in long, low corridors, which digs it itself into the ground; at night it occurs and wanders around to look for food. This consists of all kinds of vegetable substances, thistles and other herbs, roots and fruits, the bark of different trees and many types of leaves. It bites off its food with the front teeth and holds it with the forelegs, as long as it eats. - Baseball player throwing the ball
Baseball player throwing the ball