- A domed church
- A juggler, after a miniature
- According to Viollet-le-Duc
- 10th century castle, on its mound, with a wooden palisade enclosure
- A Bishop
- The Lord of Joinville, dressed in his coat of arms, from a 14th century manuscript
- The Saint-Martin church, in Canterbury, founded by Saint Augustin
- The Source of Life
- Suger, after a stained glass window from Saint-Denis
- The Krak Castle. Current state
- Seal of Henry I
- Seal of the municipality of Fismes
- Street and apse of Saints John and Paul, in Rome
- San Bartolommeo in Isola, in Rome
- Seal of Celestin III, like the apostles
- Seal of Henri Plantagenet
- Saint Louis transporting the relics of the Passion to the Sainte-Chapelle
- Saint Louis, after a wooden statuette from the Cluny museum
- Qala'at El-Hosn
Qala'at El-Hosn - Rome dominating the world.
- Ruins of Gaillard castle
- Ornate page from the Evangéliaire de Saint-Vaast
- Philippe de Valois, after his seal
- Philippe le Bold, son of Saint Louis, after his tombstone
- Interior facade of the old St. Peter's Church in the Vatican
- Knight of around 1220, from the Villard de Honnecour album
- La Ziza, palace of the Norman and Swabian kings of Sicily, near Palermo
- Germanic costume (5th-8th century)
- Former Constantinian Basilica of Saint Peter. Restitution
- Gautier Bardins, bailiff and adviser to the king in the 13th century, according to his tombstone
- Geoffroy Plantagenet
- Empress Theodora
- Enamelled copper stock. The Annunciation. Limoges, 13th century
- Enamelled copper vase by G. Alpaïs de Limoges
- Emperor Lothaire
- Emperor Otton III, after a miniature from the Evangelist of Bamberg
- Crown of Charlemagne, kept in the imperial treasury of Vienna
- Emperor Anastasius in consular costume
- Emperor Justinian and his court - Mosaic of San Vitale, in Ravenna
- Anglo-Norman knight, after a tomb from 1277
- Byzantine enamels from the Limburg reliquary
- An attempt to restore the Krak, according to M. Rey
- Thirteenth-century hospital interior
Thirteenth-Century Hospital Interior (Tonerre) From “The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries,” by J. J. Walsh This was built by the sister of Louis IX of France, Marguerite of Bourgogne, who retired to it herself to spend her life caring for the ailing poor. - Amputation below the knee
This is the first picture of an amputation known From Gerssdorff’s woodcut, reproduced in Gurlt’s “Geschichte der Chirurgie” - Bookcases in the library of the University of Leiden
Another device for combining desk with shelf is to be seen at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and, as these cases were set up after 1626, we have here a curious instance of a deliberate return to ancient forms. There is evidence that there once existed below the shelf a second desk, which could be drawn in and out as required, so that a reader could stand or sit as he pleased, as you will see from the next illustration. The University of Leiden in Holland adopted a modification of this design, for there the shelf is above the desk, and readers could only stand to use the books - trebuchet
The trebuchet was another war machine used extensively during the Middle Ages. Essentially, it was a seesaw. Weights on the short arm swung the long throwing arm. - Flemish Peasants
- Desk in the library at Zutphen
One example at least of these fittings still exists, in the library attached to the church of S. Wallberg, at Zutphen in Holland. This library was built in its present position in 1555, but I suspect that some of the fittings, those namely which are more richly ornamented, were removed from an earlier library. Each of these desks is 9 feet long by 5 feet 6 inches high; and, as you will see directly, a man can sit and read at them very conveniently. - Part of a single bookcase in the Library
Part of a single bookcase in the Library showing a book chained to the bookcase - Chaining of Books
The system of chaining, as adopted in this country, would allow of the books being readily taken down from the shelves, and laid on the desk for reading. One end of the chain was attached to the middle of the upper edge of the right-hand board; the other to a ring which played on a bar set in front of the shelf on which the book stood. The fore-edge of the books, not the back, was turned forwards. A swivel, usually in the middle of the chain, prevented tangling. The chains varied in length according to the distance of the shelf from the desk. The bar was kept in place by a rather elaborate system of iron-work attached to the end of the bookcase, and secured by a lock which often required two keys—that is, the presence of two officials—to open it. To illustrate this I will shew you a sketch of one of the bookcases in Hereford Cathedral. - King of the Franks
The King of the Franks, in the midst of the Military Chiefs who formed his Treuste, or armed Court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). The tariff of indemnities or compensations to be paid for each crime formed the basis of the code of laws amongst the principal tribes of Franks, a code essentially barbarian, and called the Salic law, or law of the Salians. Such, however, was the spirit of inequality among the German races, that it became an established principle for justice to be subservient to the `rank` of individuals. The more powerful a man was, the more he was protected by the law; the lower his `rank`, the less the law protected him. - King or Chief of Franks armed with the Seramasax, from a Miniature of the Ninth Century
When the Franks took root in Gaul, their dress and institutions were adopted by the Roman society. This had the most disastrous influence in every point of view, and it is easy to prove that civilisation did not emerge from this chaos until by degrees the Teutonic spirit disappeared from the world. As long as this spirit reigned, neither private nor public liberty existed. Individual patriotism only extended as far as the border of a man's family, and the nation became broken up into clans. Gaul soon found itself parcelled off into domains which were almost independent of one another. It was thus that Germanic genius became developed. - Costume of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries
Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. - German Soldier
The Germans had brought with them over the Rhine none of the heroic virtues attributed to them by Tacitus when he wrote their history, with the evident intention of making a satire on his countrymen. Amongst the degenerate Romans whom those ferocious Germans had subjugated, civilisation was reconstituted on the ruins of vices common in the early history of a new society by the adoption of a series of loose and dissolute habits, both by the conquerors and the conquered. - Costume of the Franks in the Eighth Century
Costume of the Franks in the Eighth Century - Costumes of the Franks from the Fourth to the Eighth Centuries
The period known as the Middle Ages, says the learned Benjamin Guérard, is the produce of Pagan civilisation, of Germanic barbarism, and of Christianity. It began in 476, on the fall of Agustulus, and ended in 1453, at the taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II., and consequently the fall of two empires, that of the West and that of the East, marks its duration. Its first act, which was due to the Germans, was the destruction of political unity, and this was destined to be afterwards replaced by religions unity. Then we find a multitude of scattered and disorderly influences growing on the ruins of central power. The yoke of imperial dominion was broken by the barbarians; but the populace, far from acquiring liberty, fell to the lowest degrees of servitude. Instead of one despot, it found thousands of tyrants, and it was but slowly and with much trouble that it succeeded in freeing itself from feudalism. Nothing could be more strangely troubled than the West at the time of the dissolution of the Empire of the Caesars; nothing more diverse or more discordant than the interests, the institutions, and the state of society, which were delivered to the Germans - Vassal of Tenth Century
Serf or Vassal of Tenth Century, from Miniatures in the "Dialogues of St. Gregory," Manuscript No. 9917 (Royal Library of Brussels). - Serf of Tenth Century
Serf or Vassal of Tenth Century, from Miniatures in the "Dialogues of St. Gregory," Manuscript No. 9917 (Royal Library of Brussels).